磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）检查胆道系统结石的方法探讨

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）时不同扫描方法对胆道系统结石的发现率,以期确定合理的检查方法。材料和方法50例接受MRCP检查者,GE1．5T MRI扫描仪,分别采用常规薄层MRCP、厚层单次激发、薄层单次激发的MRCP,并同时行冠状面FIESTA扫描。分析不同方法对胆道系统结石的发现率。结果不同方法对胆道系统结石都有一定的漏诊。以薄层MRCP结合原始图像最少,而薄层单次激发MRCP结合冠状面FIESTA可以达到最佳的诊断效果。结论MRCP检查胆道系统结石时,采用单次激发MRCP结合冠状面FIESTA可以达到最佳的效果。     

Absolute versus per unit body length speed of prey as an estimator of vulnerability to predation

To study whether absolute (m/s) or relative (body lengths/s) speed should be used to compare the vulnerability of differently sized animals, we developed a simple computer simulation. Human 'predators' were asked to 'catch' (mouse-click) prey of different sizes, moving at different speeds across a computer screen. Using the simulation, a prey's chances of escaping predation depended on its speed (faster prey were more difficult to catch than slower prey of the same body size), but also on its size (larger prey were easier to catch than smaller prey at the same speed). Catching time, the time needed to catch a prey, also depended on both prey speed and prey size. Relative prey speed (body lengths/s or body surface/s) was a better predictor of catching time than was absolute prey speed (m/s). Our experiment demonstrates that, in contrast to earlier assertions, per unit body length speed of prey may be more 'ecologically relevant' than absolute speed. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

Molecular phylogeny of the springhare, Pedetes capensis, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences

The phylogenetic position of the Pedetidae, represented by a single species Pedetes capensis, is controversial, reflecting in part the retention of both Hystricomorphous and Sciurognathous characteristics in this rodent. In an attempt to clarify the species evolutionary relationships, mtDNA gene sequences from 10 rodent species (representing seven families) were analyzed using phenetic, parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods of phylogenetic inference; the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (Order Lagomorpha), and cow, Bos taurus (Order Artiodactyla), were used as outgroups. Investigation of 714 base pairs of the protein-coding cytochrome b gene indicate strong base bias at the third codon position with significant rate heterogeneity evident between the three structural domains of this gene. Similar analyses conducted on 816 base pairs of the 12S rRNA gene revealed a transversion bias in the loop sections of all taxa. The cytochrome b gene sequences proved useful in resolving associations between closely related species but failed to produce consistent tree topologies at the family level. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA gene resulted in strong support for the clustering of Pedetidae/Heteromyidae/Geomyidae and Muridae in one clade to the exclusion of the Hystricidae/Thryonomyidae and Sciuridae, a finding which is concordant with studies of rodent fetal membranes as well as reproductive and other anatomical features.      

病毒唑对肾综合征出血热患者特异性抗体应答的影响

在用病毒唑(Ribavirin)治疗肾综合征出血热(Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome,HFRS)(以安慰剂作对照)的双盲法临床试验中,用微量酶联免疫吸附技术对确诊的64例患者血清和尿液中特异性IgG及IgM抗体水平进行动态观察与分析,结果发现,病毒唑治疗组两种血清抗体水平均较安慰剂对照组低(IgG,P<0.001;IgM,P<0.05),而两组患者尿液中两种抗体水平与阳性率均无明显差异,表明病毒唑对HFRS患者抗体的生成具有抑制作作用,本文就该作用的原因与后果进行了分析评价。     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗克克阿木中渐新世早期哺乳动物化石的发现

本文简要报道了在内蒙古阿左旗克克阿木地点发现的哺乳动物化石,计4目10科11属12种.动物群的时代可能为中渐新世早期.     

Ouabain-insensitive salt and water movements in duck red cells. II. The role of chloride in the volume response

This paper describes the effect of external chloride on the typical swelling response induced in duck red cells by hypertonicity or norepinephrine. Lowering chloride inhibits swelling and produces concomitant changes in net movements of sodium and potassium in ouabain-treated cells, which resemble the effect of lowering external sodium or potassium. Inhibition is the same whether chloride is replaced with gluconate or with an osmotic equivalent of sucrose. Since changes in external chloride also cause predictable changes in cell chloride, pH, and water, these variables were systematically investigated by varying external pH along with chloride. Lowering pH to 6.60 does not abolish the response if external chloride levels are normal, although the cells are initially swollen due to the increased acidity. Cells deliberately preswollen in hypotonic solutions with appropriate ionic composition can also respond to norepinephrine by further swelling. These results rule out initial values of cell water, chloride, and pH as significant variables affecting the response. Initial values of the chloride equilibrium potential do have marked effect on the direction and rate of net water movement. If chloride is lowered by replacement with the permeant anion, acetate, E(Cl) is unchanged and a normal response to norepinephrine, which is inhibited by furosemide, is observed. Increasing internal sodium by the nystatin technique also inhibits the response. A theory is developed which depicts that the cotransport carrier proposed in the previous paper (W.F. Schmidt and T.J. McManus. 1977b. J. Gen. Physiol. 70:81-97) moves in response to the net electrochemical potential difference driving sodium and potassium across the membrane. Predictions of this theory fit the data for both cations and anions.